Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry Quotes

Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, is an award-winning American novel written by Mildred D. Taylor about a black family living in Mississippi during the Depression-era. The story is narrated by 9-year-old Cassie Logan, who tells the story about her family, their land, and the struggle for survival in the face of racism. In 1977, the novel won the Newbery Medal, an award for exceptional literature for American children. Roll of Thunder, Hear My  Cry, received critical acclaim, and the social commentary it raises remains an enduring topic in American society. Here are some quotes that exemplify the novels themes of racism and culture during the 1930s: Chapter 1 Look out there, Cassie girl. All that belongs to you. You aint never had to live on nobodys place but your own and long as I live and the family survives, youll never have to. Chapter 2 Papa always meant what he said—and he swung a mean switch. Chapter 3 Its them again.  Theys  ridin tonight. Chapter 4 Friends gotta trust each other, Stacey, cause aint nothin like a true friend. The Wallaces did that, children. They poured kerosene over Mr. Berry and his nephews and lit them afire. Chapter 5 Well, you just get your little black self back over there and wait some more. No day in all my life had ever been as cruel as this one. Chapter 6 Big Ma didnt want you hurt. That was the only thing on her mind. Chapter 7 Seems to me if Staceys not smart enough to hold onto a good coat, he  dont  deserve it. These are things they need to hear, baby. Its their history. We aint never gonna lose this land. We Logans dont have much to do with white folks. You know why? Cause white folks mean trouble. Im a Southerner, born and bred, but that doesnt mean I approve of all that goes on here, and there are a lot of other white people who feel the same. Chapter 8 I expect youd best just forget about teaching altogether. Got me better friends than yall! They give me things and treat me like Im a man. Chapter 10 Hes got a need to show us where we stand in the scheme of things. Hes got a powerful need to do that. Chapter 11 Yall decide to hold court out here tonight? Chapter 12 Theres smoke coming from my forest yonder! What happened to T.J. in the night I did not understand, but I knew that it would not pass. And I cried for  those things  which had happened in the night and would not pass.

Racial Discrimination Black And Middle Class - 1527 Words

Businesses nationwide are constantly breaking the law. They re not giving blacks equal consideration to other candidates that are other than black by discriminating against them. It is against the law to racially discriminate against your choice of employees as put in place by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. And here we are fifty years later and it is still happening today. To be black and middle class is not the same as to being say white and middle class and not for obvious reasons. The white has a major advantage and doesn t have to do anything to earn it. The unemployment rate of blacks with a college education is 5 percent higher than that of whites and one of the main issues creating that statistic is racial discrimination. Employers†¦show more content†¦To fully understand this current issue for blacks in America, this paper will discuss three key ideas. First the paper will highlight the role the government plays in this issue. Secondly the paper will go over the role businesses play. And finally, the paper will discuss the disadvantages of not following equal employment opportunity. The first topic that I will discuss is the role that the government is playing in equal employment opportunity for blacks. Racial discrimination has played a large role against blacks since the beginning of our country even up until present day. And even after slavery was ended blacks were still never legally equal to whites until the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act says that no employer shall discriminate against their employees when hiring, firing, or promoting. And with this act created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) who are used to implement the law. The EEOC has been growing ever since its creation and now includes many different programs to aid its cause such as investigatory authority, creating conciliation programs, filing lawsuits, as well as organizing voluntary assistance programs (Teaching With Documents: The Civil Right s Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). Affirmative action is As West defines the term... refers to both mandatory and voluntary programs intended to affirm the civil rights of designated classes of individuals by taking positive action to

Sprint Financial Condition Free Essays

Sprint Nextel Corporation is the third largest wireless communications company in the United States offering a comprehensive range of wireless and wireline communications products and services that are designed to meet the needs of individual consumers, businesses, and government subscribers. Sprint Nextel Corporation has seen revenues shrink from $35. 6 billion to 32. We will write a custom essay sample on Sprint Financial Condition or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 billion, though the company was able to grow net income from a loss of $2. 8 billion to a smaller loss of $2. billion. A reduction in the percentage of sales devoted to selling, general and administrative costs from 31. 5% to 29. 30% was a key component in the bottom line growth in the face of falling revenues. Although debt as a percent of total capital increased at Sprint Nextel Corporation over the last fiscal year, it is still in-line with the wireless telecommunication services industry’s norm. Additionally, there are enough liquid assets to satisfy current obligations. Accounts Receivable is typical for the industry, with an average 40 day average collection period. Last, inventories seem to be well managed as the inventory processing period is typical for the industry, at 18 days. In tough economic times, Sprint is generating substantial cash and reducing costs to ensure to remain financially sound. They have cash on hand to be able to meet their debt requirements. The company is expected to continue generating positive free cash flow during 2009. Sprint Nextel Corporation has been having a rough time trying to keep up with its competitions, ATT and Verizon. Sprint Nextel has been posting loss after loss, loss in profit, loss in number of subscribers, and so on, but despite how things appear on the surface, analyst appear to be optimistic with the future outcome of Sprint Nextel financial position. There is no indication as to how long it will take Sprint Nextel to accomplish this goal, the numbers are consistently moving in a positive direction. How to cite Sprint Financial Condition, Papers

Competency Demonstration Report Engineering Abilities and Skills

Question: Describe about the Competency Demonstration Report (CDR)? Answer: Introduction to my various Engineering Knowledge skills: The academic background I have is bachelors in Electronics and Communication from Malla Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, India. I did two projects during my bachelors, one of which is a mini project and the other is a main project. The mini project has been done at MIC Electronics. The main projects have been done at Bharat Electronics Ltd. The engineering knowledge and skills that I used is the IT skills are a must for an engineer in the present day world. I have CAD skills that are developed over time during my academic career which includes the knowledge of the Programming language concept, Relational algebra, Software architectures, Computability theory, Operating system concepts, Induction and formula proofs, Predicate logic, Automata theory, Set theory and Data structure concepts. Along with the above I have knowledge of softwares in engineering including the Software Engineering Management, Software Quality Assurance, Software Product Engineering, Software Product Deployment. Also the list of software product engineering skills and knowledge that I developed overtime includes the Software project audits, Proofs of correctness, Statistical process control, Task Kick offs and Software testing techniques. Also I have the various software quality assurance skills that are also added overtime which included the Software design, Human computer interaction, Debugging techniques, CASE tools and Code optimization. Various communication skills are also developed in me overtime during the earlier academic years including the ability to understand the coded information and to decode information so that only the relevant authority could be conveyed with the message. Also I learnt using of various modes of communication so that the message can be efficiently transmitted to the concerned authorities. I have developed clear and concise communication of the data, facts and figures required to support decision making and directing the organization department to work in alignment with the organization objectives and goals. I even gained the ability to get involved in the group activity so that the team spirit and benefits can be achieved from the formal and informal communications. Various mathematics abilities are developed in me overtime that has helped me in getting the right outcome from the problem statements. This includes high extent learning and understanding of the Applied mathematics, Radio engineering and signal processing, Control theory in operation and Techno and industrial mathematics. The various organization handling and time management skills that are learnt during the engineering academic years includes organizing, developing focus techniques, learning project development and initiation techniques, taking proactive actions and delegating authorities and roles to the appropriate personnels. I also learnt prioritizing work as per the project requirements, ways for streamlining the whole work, setting up of deadlines and meeting them and planning for the project keeping in mind all the objectives and constrains. I have even developed great problem solving abilities during my engineering. This includes getting specific with the problem by early identification and realization of the way, methods that could possibly affect the organization output and gains. Also I learnt breaking of the bigger problems into smaller problems so that the project can be handled efficiently and the IT related problems can be sorted out at various stages. I even support the idea of taking expert advice and achieving synergy effect so that the most appropriate outcome is achieved in the end. My target goal for applying: I have learnt that the application of these competency standards meets the relevant occupational category as it helps in planning and prioritizing for the projects so that the desired outcome is finally achieved in the end. Also it supports in managing interruptions in the project application so that the delays can be avoided and cost effectiveness can be achieved. Along with that it helps in managing perfectionism as the project gets completed on time and the objectives that are expected to be achieved are finally realized in the end. Therefore I understand that it becomes easier for goal setting is done is the initial stage and the project is directed and controlled accordingly to achieve those particular goals. The delegation of the authority and roles are done accordingly so that the desired personnel is allowed to work on the project who has the abilities to achieved the targeted goals and objectives. The target where I am applying is to achieve SMART objectives. The targets that I want to achieve are specific which includes getting admission in the course to upgrade my academic skills and help me learn new concepts and theories that could actually help me achieve desired career goal. The goal is therefore break down in smaller steps of first earning engineering qualifications than now with the addition of these applied managerial abilities. The motivational factor is to win a good job and make a successful career in life. This way I want to earn respect and knowledge from my learning. The accountable outcome can be achieved by securing good markets and earning degree from the academic institution that I am applying at. Also I would like becoming responsible and skilled enough to tackle business problems and support business operation to achieve desired goals and targets for the business. This way I will be able to achieve the actually attainable goals in the form of good career g rowth after the end of the academic period. Problems areas in my earlier projects: The main problems in area of my workplace in mini project included the lack of feedback by the employees using the efficient communication system that could be developed overtime was avoided with a negative thought that nothing will be actually achieved from it. Therefore the employees were totally unaware about the possible benefits of feedback along with the safety in feedback through non sharing of the information displayed in the feedback. Also the personal issues that was observed in the organization was the reluctance of the concerned department head to discuss and display the required the information. It was considered as a kind of attack on security as per his personal views. Therefore the inefficiency in sharing the related and required information with the employees resulted in creating confusion and personal disagreement between the department head and other employees of the company. I even observed the language barriers. This was due to the reason that people working belo nged from various backgrounds in the company. This way the employees were only attached in a formal mode of communication using English language as the other regional languages were not known to other employees. This created a language barrier which at different proved fatal as the problems were not discussed in details and the employees were directed towards a certain direction or goal without taking their consent and suggestions. I even found the presence of lack of knowledge about the usage of communication system at various stages of operation during the organization process mainly to the new entrants was observed. This problem created a havoc conditions at various times when the concerned department was not alerted accordingly about the business operation and decision taken. The result was delay in the communication process that resulted in affecting the output and punctuality feature of the organization. The negative impact on the productivity, efficiency and the losses incurr ed by the organization due to the same included the existence of confusion in the work environment. Also the employees did not trust each other, synergy effect was absent during the decision making process and the departments were unaware of the latest decisions taken by the organization. Along with that the employees were unable to understand the main motive and were just directed towards a particular goal. There also existed lack of informal relation between the employees of the organization. The employees hesitated to approach and discuss their problems with the department heads, thereby giving chance to the problems and issues to become huge with the passage of time. The main problems in area of my workplace in main project included the use of old technique that was almost becoming obsolete was used in the organization. This was due to the fact that the company had employees which were aged and had passed several years of service. These employees were reluctant to change as per the new technological requirements as they considered it difficult to grasp and apply in the daily operation. I even found out that there was lack of competent skills within the organization as the human resource at the current time was not equipped with the required skills that could help in using the latest technological upgrade to achieve high efficiency and effectiveness for the company. Also the high level commitment was seen missing with the concerned department head unable to communicate fairly with the employees. This way the confusion was observed in the work place and the high level managers were not showing commitment towards the development of skills and techno logical upgrades in the company. There existed lack of technological upgrades that could have actually helped in achieving high level of gains in business operation. The lack of technological upgrades was due to the fact that the company spent less on buying the technological upgrades. Also the system that was offered to be developed was affected by time and monetary constraints which were actually halting the seamless development of the technological upgrade process. The negative impact on the productivity, efficiency and the losses incurred by the organization due to the same included the productivity of the company which was declining since the technological support system is getting obsolete and does not support the present day business requirements. Also the business efficiency was facing serious threats due to the incompatible technology application which does not facilitate the usage of data, facts and figures from various places. The loss to the organization was observed through losing of customers which was due to delay in the consignment delivery. The cost of operation was rising as the technological status at the current stage was not giving an in-depth knowledge about the cost factors and other factor inputs. My roles to end problems: The role that I played for eliminating the problems in mini project was that I analyze the present communication system and detected flaws at various stages that were suggested to the concerned departments to be removed with the application of the new technology upgrade. I even supported the idea of developing communication system as per the new technological requirements. Also I conveyed the management about the various benefits that the end of the communication gap can give to the organization. I even suggested the high level manager about bringing some level of change in the work method so that the trust can be built in the work environment. Along with that I kept the idea of making informal meetings at regular intervals. Training, education and development programs are suggested to be developed to convey the new technological breakthrough for the employees. The role that I played for eliminating the problems in the main project was that I made research with my team on the new technological inputs that could help the organization in achieving the various objectives, goals and targets in the long run. Also I analyzed the present status of using the technology and found out ways that could help enhance the technological system followed in the organization. Along with that I supported the idea of bringing technological upgrades at all stages in the company so that the dependence on obsolete technology can be removed completely. I even suggested methods and places where the new technology can bring in benefits, gains and profits to the organization. Also the benefit of upgrading the technological upgrade was discussed and displayed to the management so that they could understand the value and the possible they could retrieve from it. Achieving outcome through teamwork: The organization in both cases worked as team. The members of the team used their experience, skills and education to assist each other and reach out to the solutions. A synergy effect was observed every time the discussions took place between the team members regarding the problem identification and possible and proposed solutions. Hence the team spirit was achieved by helping each other in identifying the problems and reaching out the possible solutions. Identifying problems and solving them: The problem in the mini project was to enhance real time computing assistance during the project completion through the application of the Zigbee module that could help in improving the communication techniques and tools followed in the organization. The problem was solved with the team efforts to review and analyze the present communication system being followed. Also the estimation of the usage and benefit that can be retrieved from the application of the Zigbee module was made. Thus the areas were the Zigbee module can be applied were identified and the methods that could help in enhancing the communication system were recognized. Finally the ZIgbee module of communication was designed such that it meets the requirements of the organization related to the communication. The problem in the main project was that the need to develop the VHDL code for the Amplitude DF algorithm for a DF or Direction Finding system was required. This way the efforts were made to compare the two maxima and estimate direction of the arrivals. The problem was solved by analyzing the present status of the Amplitude DF algorithm for direction finding system. Hence the VHDL was model was developed accordingly so that it meets the organizational requirements in the best way. The team worked together in this regard using their engineering capabilities and finally framed out a design for developing the VHDL code that could actually help in meeting the organization targets and goals. Rewards received in the end: The reward that I received for mini project was certification that the mini project Zigbee Communication between embedded application and PC was completed successfully which met the objectives and need of the organization. The reward for the main project DOA (Direction of Arrival) Computation Algorithm was certified as completed and submitted to the organization as per the required directions. This way the project meet the objectives, needs and satisfaction of the related department head which is considered to be my main reward. List of projects: PROJECT NAME - ZIGBEE Communication between embedded application and PC. 1) TIME PERIOD: The time period consumed for this project was one month and five days. a) Date of start of project: Date / Duration The date of start of the project was 10th May, 2009. b) Date of Completion of project: Date / Duration The date of the completion of the project was 15th June, 2009. 2) LOCATION OF THE PROJECT: The location of the project was at Plot No:35-37a B, Navya Estates, 4th Floor, Moula-Ali Main Road, Moula Ali, Hyderabad - 500040, Telangana, India 3) YOUR ROLE DESIGNATION DURING THE TIME My role in the project was of a team member during that time. 4) NAME OF THE ORGANISATION: The name of the organization was MIC Electronics Tech Center. a) OBJECTIVE : The objective of the project was to deal with the communication with the embedded application which will display device with the Zigbee module. The other side will of the communication channel will be the personal computer with the Zigbee module that will receive the data and information transferred through the same system. b) THE NEED: The need of this system was to perform a dedicated function to enhance real time computing assistance during the project completion. This way the need was to bring in efficiency and effectiveness in the communication method. c) THE TEAM: The team members were Sri Harsha Mothukuri and Nikhil Prasad Luke. PROJECT NAME A project report on DOA (Direction of Arrival) Computation Algorithm. 1) Time Period: The time period consumed was 5 months. a) Date of start of project: Date / Duration The date of start of the project was December 2009. b) Date of Completion of project: Date / Duration The date of completion of the project was April 2010. 2) LOCATION OF THE PROJECT: The location of the project was at Bharat Electronics LTD, Industrial Estates, Near Manikchand Gutka, Nacharam, Hyderabad - 500076, Telangana, India. 3) YOUR ROLE DESIGNATION DURING THE TIME My role in the project was a team leader who was entrusted with the task of organizing team and assigning work to the other team members. 4) NAME OF THE ORGANISATION: The name of the organization was Bharat Electronics Limited. a) OBJECTIVE : The objective of the project was to develop the VHDL code for the Amplitude DF algorithm for a DF or Direction Finding system. This way the FPGA compared the amplitude signals which it actually received from various directions and gives the DOA with 6 bit buffers. b) THE NEED: The need of the project was to compare the two maxima and estimated direction of arrival. That is the PCB received 4 sets of amplitude data and generate course DF that was measured and estimated accordingly. c) THE TEAM: The team members were Sri Harsha Mothukuri, Nikhil Prasad Luke and Pavani Poluru. Signature of the Candidate:_________________________ Candidates Verifier Name:__________________________ I verify that the above narrative is a true account of the candidates of own work. Signature:_______________________________ Bibliography Abiodun, E.J.A., 2009. Human Resources management, an overview. 110-121: Concept Publication. ACCLAIMiP, 2014. Elon Musk's Other Motivation. [Online] Available at: https://www.acclaimip.com/Elon-Musks-Patent-Decision [Accessed 14 Augustus 2014]. Armstrong, M., 2006. 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Shimberg, Client/Server Beyond: Strategies for the 21st Century, Prentice Hall, 1997, pp. 211-213. Begg, D. Ward, D., 2003. Economics for Business. New York: McGraw-Hill. Berger, A., 2000. Five steps to an eSynchronized Supply Chain. [Online] Available at: www.accenture.com/xd/xd.asp?it=enwebxd=ideas%5Coutlook%5Cpov% [Accessed 14 June 2014]. Bernstein, M., 2002. 10 tips on writing the living web. [Online] Available at: www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving. Berson, A., 1994. Client/Server Architecture. McGraw-Hill Inc. Bircher, W.L. John, L.K., 2007. Complete system power estimation: a trickle-down approach based on performance events. In Performance Analysis of Systems and Software. ISPASS. pp.158-68. Bluhm, N., 2013. The value of cutlural anthropology. [Online] Available at: https://anthropologyworks.com/index.php/2013/02/22/the-value-of-cultural-anthropology/ [Accessed 02 February 2015]. Boswell, W.R. Olson-Buchanan, J.B., 2007. 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Fisher, C. Lovell, A., 2008. Business Ethics and Values: Individual, Corporate and International Perspectives. Prentice Hall. Fisk, P., 2010. People, Planet, Profit: How to Embrace Sustainability for Innovation and Business growth. Kogan Page. Flyvberg, B., 2003. Megaprojects and Risks: An Anatomy of Ambition. Cambridge University Press. Fray, A.M., 2007. Ethical behavior and social responsibility in organizations: process and evaluation. Management Decisions., 45(1), pp.76-88. Freire, P., 1985. The politics of education: Culture power and Liberation. London: Macmillan. Friedl, G. Wagner, S., 2012. Supplier development or supplier switching? International Journal of Production research., 50(11), pp.3066-79. Gachet, A., 2004. Building Model-Driven Decision Support Systems with Dicodess. Zurich: VDF. Gelderman, C.J. Van Weele, A.J., 2003. Handling measurement issues and strategic directions in Kraljic's purchasing portfolio model. Journal of Purchasing and supply management., 9(5), pp.207-16. Gill, R., 2002. Change management or change leadership? Journal of Change Management, pp.3 (4), 307-318. Gill, S.K., 2002. International Communication: English Language Challenges for Malaysia. Jurnal Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia., 12(34), pp.11-19. Goldstein, D., 2007. What is Customer Segmentation. [Online] Available at: mindofmarketing.net. Gregory, R., Prifling, M. Beck, R., 2009. The role of cultural intelligence for the emergence of negotiated culture in IT offshore outsourcing projects. Information Technology and People, 22(3), pp.223-41. Hamiliton, F. Cynthia, J.B., 2005. The importance of context, beliefs and values in leadership development. Business ethics: A European Review, p.4. Harris, T.L., 1999. Value-Added Public Relations. McGraw-Hill Professional. Harris, N., 2001. Business Economics theory and Application. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinmann. Hashwani, M.S., 2008. Students' attitude, motivation and anxiety towards English Language Learning. Journal of Research and Reflections in Education, 2(2), pp.121-44. Hedge, J.W., Bruskiewicz, K.T., Borman, W.C. Hanson, M.A., 2000. Selecting Pilots with Crew Resource Management Skills. International Journal Avaiation Psychology, pp.377-92. Hofstede, G., 2001. Culture's Consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Johnstone et al., July 2012 Vol 30 Issue 7. Changing patterns of human resource management in construction. Construction Management Economics, pp.507-12. Kickul, J. Neuman, G., 2000. "Emergence leadership behaviors: The function of personality and cognitive ability in determining teamwork performance and KSAs". Journal of Business and Psychology, 15, pp.27-51. Mintzberg, H., 1994. The rise and fall of strategic planning: Reconceiving roles for planning, plans, planners. Toronto: Free Press. Minztberg, H., 2009. MANAGING. Berret Koheler Publishers. Ncbi, 2014. Managing Change. [Online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC61465/ [Accessed 11 Augustus 2014]. Nixon, M., 2001. Innovations in logistic technology: generating top-line value and bottom-line ROI. World Trade, 14(6), pp.62-4. Northouse, P.G., 2004. Leadership theory and practice (3rd edition). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage. nwlink.com, 2014. Leadershiip styles. [Online] Available at: https://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html [Accessed 25 Augustus 2014]. Oribabor, P.E., 2009. Human Resource Management: A Strategic Approval. Human Resource Management, pp.9(4): 21-24. Panayides, P.M., 2006. Maritime Logistics and Global Supply Chains: Towards a research agenda. Maritime Economics and logistics., 8(1), pp.3-18. Pandey, I.M., 2009. Financial Management. Vikas Publishing House. Perloff, J., 2001. Microeconomics. 2nd ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Porter, M.E., 2008. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard business Review. Posen, B., 1993. The security dilemma and ethnic conflict. Survival, pp.35:2747. Power, D.J., 2002. Decision support systems: concepts and resources for managers. Westport: Quorum Books. Rowold, J., 2008. Multiple effect of Human Resource Development interventions. Journal of European Industrial Training, pp.32-44. Samli, C.A., 1995. International consumer behavior: its impact on marketing strategy development. Quorum Books. Samuelson, P., 2001. A Ricardo-Sraffa Paradigm Comparing the Gains from Trade in Inputs and Finished Goods. Journal of Economic Literature 39 (4), pp.120414. Segaro, E., 2010. Internationalization of family SME's: The impact of ownership, governance and top management team. Journal of Management and Governance, Online first.. Sharma, N., 2013. Marketing Strategy on Different Stages PLC and its Marketing Implications on FMCG Products. 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[Online] Available at: https://www.theactuary.com/archive/old-articles/part-3/risk-quantification-techniques/ [Accessed 5 November 2014]. Ulrich, D., 1996. Human Resource Champions. The next agenda for adding value and delivering results. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

CENSORSHIP ON THE INTERNET Essays - Content-control Software

CENSORSHIP ON THE INTERNET A 43-year-old man from Boston was having a steamy cyber affair with who he thought to be a 23-year-old woman. He later found out the "she," to his dismay, was an 80-year-old man living in a Miami nursing home. Things like this happen everyday, people mask their sex and age to avoid or attract attention on the Internet. This is only one of the reasons why the government wants to censor the Internet. They claim they want to ?protect' the children by limiting the amount of ?reality' they are allowed to view. But in order to do this they would need to censor the entire Internet, from everyone. This is why censorship on the Internet would be a violation of the first amendment. Censorship itself is not what most people are concerned about. Instead, how far will it go? How far is too far? When will it stop? Can the Internet ever be censored? These questions need to be answered before we can even think about censoring. In order to fully understand censorship you have to know what the Internet is. The Internet is an open interconnection of networks that enables computers to connect directly through phone lines. It allows people from around the world to communicate with the touch of a button. Its size is unimaginable, its content is uncountable. "In early 1995 more than 50,000 networks and 5 million computers were connected via the Internet, with a computer growth rate of about 9 percent per month" (Rutkowski, Encarta). Is the Internet to large to be censored? Remember in the 1940s people said radio was uncensorable. What is censorship anyway? Censorship is the official restriction of expression thought to be harmful. "Censorship restricts the flow of ideas, depriving people of information they need to maintain an open society" (Steffens, 11). Censorship itself is by no means a new idea. It has existed since the beginning of mankind, Playboy magazine in the 1950's, radio in the 1930's, book burning in the 1940's, steamy celluloid reels in the 1920's, and erotic pages coming off the Gutenberg press in the 1350's. People fear new technology, I believe this is the reason that people want to censor the Internet. Change is a frightening thing, but without it the human race would cease to exist. Taking over our world, computers can be good or bad depending on how you look at it. At this time there is more information on the Internet than there is in any library and it is only a matter of years before books themselves will become obsolete. By censoring the Internet the government will only be holding us back. Germany, China, Singapore, and several other countries have taken action and began to censor the Internet. The United States is not far behind. On February 8th, 1996, President Clinton signed the Communications Decency Act, which limits freedom of expression on the Internet. With this act, the very same materials which are legally available today in book stores and libraries could be illegal if posted on World Wide Web sites or Usenet newsgroups. Not only would it have made it a crime to write provocative e-mail to your lover, it would also be a crime for your Internet provider. "Censorship is never for those who have experienced it. It is a brand on the imagination that affects the individual who has suffered it, forever" (Nadine Gordimer, Microsoft Office). What business does the government have telling people what they can and can't see anyway? If the child's parents are so concerned about what they are going to see on the Internet, there is software available that screens the Internet for just that computer. It isn't very expensive, in fact, you can even download some software from the Internet. Yet, this software is no substitute for good judgment. "If you have time on your hands, if your comfortable with computing, and you have an unflagging curiosity about sex - in other words, if you're a teenager - you may think you've suddenly landed in pornography heaven" (Gleick, 26). Pornography is the only thing that you ever seem to hear about the Internet, but there is so much more out there. Information on anything and everything you could possibly ever imagine. Most of the material that I gathered for this project was done by hours of Internet ?surfing'. Another large misconception about the Internet is that while surfing you can just stumble on to pornography. Though it is possible, I highly

Free Essays on Active Euthanasia

â€Å"Active Euthanasia† Active euthanasia is defined as inducing the death of a person who is undergoing intense suffering, and who has no practical hope of recovery. Since the motive is to release one from misery, active euthanasia is often called â€Å"mercy killing.† This essay will discuss five reasons why active euthanasia is wrong. The first reason why active euthanasia is wrong, is because (1) there are other options to stop a patient from suffering, such as great advances in pain management, palliative care, and the development of hospices to assist people who are dying. (2) Active Euthanasia is unethical, because it is a form of murder. (3) Euthanasia is also wrong because it’s against God’s will. (4) Euthanasia is a violation of the right to life; and (5) active euthanasia deprives one the right to die naturally. Overall, active euthanasia should not be allowed, because it is morally wrong. Although many people may feel that there loved ones are ready to die, that doesn’t necessarily mean that one should choose active euthanasia. There are other options to stop a patient from suffering. Pain management, palliative care, and the development of hospice care are always a preferable solution. Pain management is one of the most important aspects of care for terminally-ill persons. Since there have been great advances in the management of acute and chronic pain over the past few years, there is no need for anyone to die in unrelieved agony. The varies treatments of pain management include the injection of specific joints with medications, epidural injections (into the spaces around the spinal cord), and the placement of permanent epidural catheters for pain relief at home. For patients with chronic pain, psychologists are now able to help relieve those stresses, which can change one’s perception of their pain level. The idea of palliative care, also called comfort care, is primarily directed at p... Free Essays on Active Euthanasia Free Essays on Active Euthanasia â€Å"Active Euthanasia† Active euthanasia is defined as inducing the death of a person who is undergoing intense suffering, and who has no practical hope of recovery. Since the motive is to release one from misery, active euthanasia is often called â€Å"mercy killing.† This essay will discuss five reasons why active euthanasia is wrong. The first reason why active euthanasia is wrong, is because (1) there are other options to stop a patient from suffering, such as great advances in pain management, palliative care, and the development of hospices to assist people who are dying. (2) Active Euthanasia is unethical, because it is a form of murder. (3) Euthanasia is also wrong because it’s against God’s will. (4) Euthanasia is a violation of the right to life; and (5) active euthanasia deprives one the right to die naturally. Overall, active euthanasia should not be allowed, because it is morally wrong. Although many people may feel that there loved ones are ready to die, that doesn’t necessarily mean that one should choose active euthanasia. There are other options to stop a patient from suffering. Pain management, palliative care, and the development of hospice care are always a preferable solution. Pain management is one of the most important aspects of care for terminally-ill persons. Since there have been great advances in the management of acute and chronic pain over the past few years, there is no need for anyone to die in unrelieved agony. The varies treatments of pain management include the injection of specific joints with medications, epidural injections (into the spaces around the spinal cord), and the placement of permanent epidural catheters for pain relief at home. For patients with chronic pain, psychologists are now able to help relieve those stresses, which can change one’s perception of their pain level. The idea of palliative care, also called comfort care, is primarily directed at p...

PPACA and its Impact on Medical Surgical Nursing Assignment

PPACA and its Impact on Medical Surgical Nursing - Assignment Example It has empowered the average US citizen, annulled some longstanding lawsuits, socialized medicine and changed the way that health insurance companies operate, preventing the USA from being dragged into further debt. It also has a number of repercussions for the medical and surgical profession in the USA. Key Elements of the Article The article specifically comments on five aspects that affect the medical and surgical area of the nursing profession: 1. Reauthorization of Title VIII Workforce Development Programs: The funding will be reduced for grants that were previously available for racial and ethnic minorities in the workforce, as part of workforce diversity for those having associate diplomas or degrees to enter bridge or degree completion programs. It will also reduce provision for grants to train nurses in primary care in nurse managed health clinics, federally qualified health centers and grants for State partnerships to reduce healthcare workforce issues. These have been redu ced to the levels available in 2004 or 2008. 2. Increased Funding for Nurse Managed Clinics: A significant part of the Law concerns itself with community care. This is usually administered in an acute setting. The new emphasis is on prevention and management of chronic disease. Funding is being debated. In this case, there will be a higher demand for advance practice nurses and many even induce some nurses to enter private practice, contingent on the AMA enhancing NP privileges. The AMA presently feels that extending NP privileges to staff will invade physician turf and 28 State legislatures are contemplating extending this role. It will give the Registered Nurse an excellent opportunity to get the additional education and licensing needed to become an NP. 3. Demonstration Provision for Graduate Nursing Education: This reform also helps graduate nursing students by increasing funding for clinical education. This is in line with the advice of the Institute of Medicine Report 2010 tha t the education, training, roles and responsibilities of nurses should meet the present requirements of increased health care in the USA and the current improvements in the system. Nurses should be engaged with senior professionals to increase their responsibility and role in redesigning healthcare in the USA. In fact it is recommended that nurses undertake a residency program that increases the value of transition from education to practice. Opportunities for additional learning should be sought out by attending annual conferences and participation in free continuing nursing education options such as some programs offered by the American Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses (AMSN) as a benefit of membership with them (Hertel, 2011). 4. Creation of the National Healthcare Workforce Commission: Under the envisaged changes as a result of this legislation, the expansion of healthcare available to individuals will likely result in an expansion of the nursing workforce. Acute inpatient and outpatient care, home care, palliative care, preventive care, transitional and chronic care among other facets will require more nurses giving more nursing care. The National Healthcare Workforce Commission has been created to monitor the need as well as the growth of the base of nursing professionals and to make recommendations on funding. Hopefully the Commission itself will not be made a victim of budget cuts

Report on Religious Field Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Report on Religious Field Research - Essay Example Millions of people in America and the entire world practice Christianity (Dyet, 2006). Being the most popular religion in the world, there are various misconceptions about Christianity, some of which I personally held for so long. This research gave me a great opportunity to try and understand the Christian Religion and try to get answers to the queries I have had about Christianity for a very long time. Most Christians also hold other prejudices against other religious groups, which has led to religious discrimination and wars in areas dominated by one religion (Driscoll, 2009). In order to understand the Christian Religion, I attended a Christian prayer service at a Baptist Church, where I interacted with the Christian community in the church as they helped me understand the basic foundations of Christianity. I managed to have a small discussion with a few Christians in the form of an interview to help clear some of the prejudices I had towards their religion. After a lengthy discu ssion, I was able to understand the Christian religion and change some of the false impressions I had about this religious group. One of the biggest misconceptions I had concerning Christianity is how a Christian Worship Service is mainly centered on teachings about how bad other religions are. I had always believed that Christians are taught to despise other religions (Driscoll, 2009). This is a misconception I had held since my childhood days during my interactions with Christian who held very contempt views on other religions. I was made to believe, from their views, that they were taught such kind of ideas in their churches during worship services and Christian teachings. After attending the Service in a Christian Church, I was able to change this misconception. This was after carefully listening to the message and the sermon of the Preacher. His message was mainly centered on love for one another, understanding and mutual respect and coexistence (Driscoll, 2009). The Preacher e mphasized the point that God created people in his own image and therefore every human being should be loved as he or she represents the image of God Himself. He also stated that it is through loving one another that people express their love for God, and that is how they shall be able to get to heaven (Dyet, 2006). According to the Bible, God created all humanity, so it does not matter the religion one belongs to (Driscoll, 2009). The main point is that all human beings belong to God, and should be loved and respected. After listening to such messages, I had to change my view on Christianity and reduce my prejudices regarding how they treat other religions. I was surprised to find out that Christianity is such a welcoming religion, whose main message is based on love for God and for one another. The other misconception I had regarding the Christian religion before this encounter was that Christians hated other religions simply because they were not believers in Christ Jesus. This p rejudice kept me off from mingling freely with Christians because I could not trust the motives of some of them, just because I was not a follower and I felt they hated all non Christians and treated them like non believers who do not deserve to live. This misconception denied me so many opportunities of making Christian friends and mixing freely with other people and sharing ideas. In the course of this research on religion, I was able to come across some very challenging

In each case below, identify the effect on the market for coal Essay

In each case below, identify the effect on the market for coal - Essay Example Equilibrium quantity supplied and demanded will increase from QE to QE*. Therefore, for the market to clear, a new, lower cost mining technic will lead to a lower equilibrium price and a higher equilibrium demand quantity for the coal market to clear An increase in wages paid to coal miner’s increases cost of mining and thus leads to an increase in cost of production. This is because raw materials’ cost will increase as a result of the high costs of wages to coal miners. When the cost of inputs increases due to increased wages, the process of production becomes more costly (McEachern, 2010, p. 51). The graph below shows how these dynamics affect the mining market. As shown in the graph above, an increase in the cost of production associated by increased wage cost to firms will result to a shift of the supply function from S to S*. Firms in the coal market will be willing supply relatively less quantities of coal at the previous price (PE). A shift of the supply function to the left leads to an increase in the equilibrium price from PE to PE*. Equilibrium quantity supplied and demanded will decrease from QE to QE*. Therefore, for the market to clear, increase in wages paid to coal miners will lead to a higher equilibrium price and a lower equilibrium demand quantity for the coal market to clear (Mansfield, 1979, p. 29). An imposition of a $2 per ton tax on coal results to heavier costs burdens to producers of coal. Due to rational self-interest, the producers will try to shift this burden to consumers of coal (Krugman & Wells, 2010, p. 52). This is done by increasing the price by $2 for every tone sold. The effect of this tax can be shown in the graph below. Before implementation of the tax, the equilibrium supply curve was S. After the implementation of the tax, the new supply curve becomes St increasing the price from P to Pt. However, the producer receives Pt’. The amount of tax

The Choreography Of Pina Bausch Film Studies Essay

The Choreography Of Pina Bausch Film Studies Essay With a German origin, Pina Bausch, a breath taking contemporary dancer and choreographer! Her best performances choreographed include Cafà © Muller, Le Sacre Du Printemps, Nelken, Danzon, and Barbe Bleue. Most importantly, this paper is an outlook of Bauschs work, especially in these extraordinary performances, and indicating what makes such unique performances a masterpiece of our time. At the outset, Cafà © Muller is a piece where Pina Bausch participated in herself. While on the other hand, such choreography is truly puzzling as I was not able to grasp the message, or the story of the performance. At the beginning of the piece, I questioned that maybe Bausch was remembering a certain incident in her life and that the dancers were depicting Bauschs sub-conscious images. Nevertheless, as I watched more of the piece, to me it depicted elements of madness, bewilder, and passion. The setting of the stage seemed like that of a neglected psychiatric hospitals cafà © where the male leading dancer was trying to bring back his lover from a world where she had tangled herself in. And here another question came to my mind? Could Bausch be remembering such an incident that took place with her in the past? Could it be her; the lover who got tangled in a world where she could not get out of? However, the movements of the female dancer were of a woman trying to avoid a man, not of a woman in love; also, the movements were simple, yet very powerful with fervor. Moreover, I was very fond of the part where the leading male dancer pushed away the chairs and the tables thoroughly; it felt that he wanted to protect his lover from getting hurt as she danced aimlessly. However, as I continued to watch, two other male dancers appeared, including Dominique Mercy. The part where Mercy and the female dancer had an affectionate moment and have repetitively done the same movement 13 times, but at faster pace every time really caught my attention as it left me wondering regarding its relation to Bausch. Also, it left me with an impression that Mercy and the female dancer could actually be Bausch remembering her past with her lover. Furthermore, Le Sacre Du Printemps, or The Rite of Spring is undeniably an intense piece. This is not the first time for me to watch it; however, every time I do, my full attention is diverted towards Stravinskys music, and Bauschs excellently choreographed performance. Although I have watched this performance several times, I have never understood the story of such a piece. To me it seemed that the leading dancer in red was trying to escape the people around her; also, I believe that she has been betrayed by her lover as he was the one who had lead her to such people and left her as she tries to run away, or express her way out. As a spectator, I was fully engaged with the movements of the dancer in red as they were extremely powerful, highlighting her muscular physique. Also, I sensed that she was about to bawl with anger expressing her feelings, yet she was suppressed by more than 15 female and male dancers impeding her from doing so. The strong music beats signaled danger, and th e movement of the dancers seemed like what would take place during a ritual, or sacrifice, which made me question could the dancer in red be a sacrifice whom they intend to offer in a ritual of theirs? However, the red dress was extremely provocative which made me question whether they intended to sacrifice her, or punish her for a certain deed she had committed. Also, regarding the costumes and the stage setting, the costumes were of either pale colors such as cream, or of dominating colors such as red and black; also, I think that this was intended in order to shift your attention towards the main dancer in red with accordance to the music. Moreover, the stage was filled with dirt, and this implied that the setting intended to appear outdoors giving more power to the performance making it more realistic. The Rite of Spring is an exhilarating piece that would definitely grasp anyones attention immediately. Additionally, The Man I Love is a song written by George Gershwin, and I believe that this is an expert of a choreography by Bausch entitled Nelken. The Man I Love is a solo performed in two different settings by a male performer as he mumbles the song and uses sign language. The title and the lyrics of the song The Man I Love imply a message of love and affection. I consider this performance full of emotions as the performer was successful at articulating his feelings through sign language. Moreover, Bauschs works include pieces that depict violence, love, humor, as well as, the relationship between individuals, so could this performance be a well-conducted scene influencing the relationship between two males, but in a discrete manner? The performance conducted in the first setting gave me the impression that the performer was rehearsing as he seemed to be more relaxed and self-confident. While on the other hand, the second performance was conducted on stage and was a real performan ce as the performer was formally dressed and you could hear the audience applaud. However, during his performance on stage, I felt that the performer was uncomfortable expressing such an idea due to the fact that it is not normal for such views to be expressed publicly. I consider this performance to be unusual indeed as it could be implying to such an issue; but I also could be mistaken as this is an excerpt of a whole performance. Also, what made me re-consider my opinion is that the audience was laughing during his performance which assured to me that it was a humorous excerpt from one of Bauschs choreographies. Moreover, another excerpt from Bauschs choreographies entitled Danzon is performed by her long-time colleague; Dominique Mercy. While watching Mercy perform I imagined a man, lonely, walking in the streets, drunk, and sad. Although I could sense a lot of sadness and remorse; however, Mercy had performed with great vigor. The vigor produced was somehow surprising to me as the opera music which Mercy had performed on gave me the impression that such performance could have been flat as the music was not supportive to his movements. Also, I have realized that in certain parts during his performance he was not dancing with accordance to the music which indicated that the music could be hindering him from performing with greater energy. Nevertheless, as a spectator, I admired the setting of the stage, especially the spotlight directed towards Mercy which made me focus on his performance entirely; also, leaving space for the audience to create a story of their own. Last, but not least, Barbe Bleue is another puzzling, or in other words, peculiar performance choreographed by Bausch. Bausch was successful at including several human states in such a piece where I have observed sadness, humor, and madness. Also, I believe that the aim of such a performance is to present a relationship between a man and a woman. The relationship between the leading lady in red, and the leading man was not as intimate as the relationship between the rest of the female and male dancers. At certain parts, I sensed sadness in the performance of the lady in red as her movements towards the male dancer at times indicated passion and at times indicated resent. Moreover, what I found humorous was when the male dancers showed their muscular physique in a comic manner wearing nothing but underpants and had their partners admire their muscularity. However, during a particular scene where the dancers wore white sheets, the leading man after coming in contact with a dancer, clap ped his hands in a certain manner which gave me the impression that he was mad; also, his facial expressions at certain scenes were those of a mad man, which made me realize that for such a reason the lady in red might have wanted to avoid contact with him, or even feared him. Also, the setting of the stage was like of a deserted house, and the combination of the opera music with such a setting certainly created an ominous mood. To conclude, the performances choreographed by Pina Bausch are very interesting because they persuade their spectators to create their own view/story regarding each piece. Moreover, the dancing steps in all pieces were avid in terms of sending clear messages to their viewers on the relationship between men and women, resentment, and passion. The ultimate use of settings; stage direction, costumes, and facial expressions, all resulted in masterpiece performances of all time, and the credits to such compelling and flawless pieces go to the choreographer whose mind working for such performances is beyond the imagination of common populace.

A Logical and Unemotional Justification of Capital Punishment :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

A Logical and Unemotional Justification of Capital Punishment Just as the Pied Piper of Hamlin was paid to destroy the rat population, the state prisons are being forced to perform a similar action with what is an overflow of vermin. Taking either a "pro" or an "anti" stance is not something to be done lightly. Most people decide which side they are to take based on purely emotional reasons. Those who support capital punishment do so based on a hatred of the crimes committed, and a fear of similar crimes happening to them. This is not the way to reach a logical decision. Others abhor violence, and feel that two wrongs, namely murder and execution, do not make a right. (although in science, the language of logic, two negatives do make a positive.) Morality, fear, hatred, and ignorance often play a large part in important decisions, dooming society to enforce ridiculous laws, and leaving itself susceptible to rotting from the inside, out. First and foremost, it is important to put our version of capital punishment in an accurate, historical context. Since that dawn of civilization, through the laws of Moses, and the laws of Hammurabi, what you did, was done to you. The advancement of civilization is peppered with this same prevalent idea of reciprocity. To argue against these historic beliefs is to argue against the growth and development inherent in history. If at anytime this law of reciprocation had been ignored, chaos would have been re-introduced into society, creating a premature, and quick, decadence. In comparison, our law of capital punishment is a cake-walk. We do not hack off your hand when we think you take an apple. We do not burn out your eyes when you lust after another man's wife. We do not cut your tongue out and feed it to the lions if you verbalize the name of God. We offer you a trial by your peers, in which you must be proven without a doubt to be guilty. Then, you are locked in a penitentiary, where you can easily be granted an appeal. You exist incarcerated usually for many years, until your appeals have been defeated, the proof against you has been confirmed, and your crimes against humanity are of such a heinous nature that you have condemned yourself to a painless, quick, and easy death.

Porters 5 forces for Flipkart

Threat of New Entrants : Industry seems to have very high potential but is at its nascent stage. Lots of scope of growth in the futureMany small players might enter to explore the marketHigh capital investment is required as it is still in the nascent stage. Would not be much of a deterrent as venture capitalists are interested in investing, as they see a future in it.Flipkart is already an established its brand name and network across the nation. Hence, it may not be affected by the entry of small players in its market domainFlipkart is slowly moving up. Although, other players are learning from Flipkart’s mistakes and trying to do better. Since the industry is emerging profits cannot be achieved. Determinants of Supplier Power :For Suppliers (product manufacturers), e-commerce is another platform to sell their products, without any differentiation Hence, e-commerce companies have little amount of bargaining power, including Filpkart.There is an exception in case of popular p roducts, as company has lot of alternatives. Their switching cost is low, if there is no contact.Not all suppliers may have the ability of willingness to forward integrate, as it is highly risky market.Price discrimination is very much possible.As Flipkart is an inventory- based business model, they buy in bulk from their suppliers.Treating suppliers as partners would be very beneficial for Flipkart and it’s suppliers.Rivalry amongst existing firms : Flipkart is having a hard time as it is competing with it’s competitors in e-commerce as well as retail stores.Flipkart has less competitors of the same size, but many in smaller size.Flipkart has lot of competitors now , but not as huge as them, small in size but large in number.Incentive to fight is low, as the market is big enough for everyone to grow but there is no profit margin.Exit costs are very high, as Flipkart has an Inventory – based business model.

Temperance Movement and Prohibition Timeline

Temperance Movement and Prohibition Timeline The 19th and early 20th century saw considerable organizing for temperance or prohibition.   Temperance usually refers to seeking to inspire individuals to moderate liquor use or abstain from drinking liquor. Prohibition usually refers to making it illegal to manufacture or sell alcohol. The Effects on Families   The effects of drunkenness on families―in a society in which women had limited rights to divorce or custody, or even to control their own earnings―and the growing evidence of medical effects of alcohol, prompted efforts to convince individuals to take the pledge to abstain from alcohol, and then to persuade states, localities and eventually the nation to prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcohol. Some religious groups, notably the Methodists, believed that drinking liquor was sinful. The Progressive Movement By the early 20th century, the liquor industry, like other industries, had extended its control. In many cities, saloons and taverns were controlled or owned by liquor companies. The growing presence of women in the political sphere was accompanied by and reinforced by the belief that women had a special role in preserving families and health and thus to work to end liquor consumption, manufacture and sale. The Progressive movement often took the side of temperance and prohibition. The 18th Amendment   In 1918 and 1919, the federal government passed the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, making manufacture, transportation, and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal under its power to regulate interstate commerce.   The proposal became the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 and took effect in 1920.  It was the First Amendment to include a time limit for ratification, though it was quickly ratified by 46 of the 48 states. Decriminalizing the Liquor Industry   It was soon clear that criminalizing liquor had increased the power of organized crime and the corruption of law enforcement, and that consumption of liquor continued.   By the early 1930s, public sentiment was on the side of decriminalizing the liquor industry, and in 1933, the 21st Amendment overturned the 18th and prohibition ended. Some states continued to permit a local option for prohibition or to control liquor statewide. The following timeline shows the chronology of some of the major events in the movement to convince individuals to abstain from liquor and the movement to prohibit commerce in liquor. Timeline Year Event 1773 John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, preached that drinking alcohol was sinful. 1813 Connecticut Society for the Reformation of Morals founded. 1813 Massachusetts Society for the Suppression of Intemperance founded. 1820s The consumption of alcohol in the U.S. was 7 gallons per capita per year. 1826 Boston area ministers founded the American Temperance Society (ATS). 1831 American Temperance Society had 2,220 local chapters and 170,000 members. 1833 American Temperance Union (ATU) founded, merging two existing national temperance organizations. 1834 American Temperance Society had 5,000 local chapters and 1 million members. 1838 Massachusetts prohibited the sale of alcohol in amounts less than 15 gallons. 1839 September 28: Frances Willard born. 1840 Consumption of alcohol in the U.S. had been lowered to 3 gallons of alcohol per year per capita. 1840 Massachusetts repealed its 1838 prohibition law but permitted local option. 1840 Washington Temperance Society founded in Baltimore on April 2, named for the first U.S. president. Its members were reformed heavy drinkers from the working class who took the pledge to abstain from alcohol, and the movement to establish local Washington Temperance Societies was called the Washingtonian movement. 1842 John B. Gough took the pledge and began lecturing against drinking, becoming a major orator for the movement. 1842 Washington Society publicized that they had inspired 600,000 abstinence pledges. 1843 Washington Societies had mostly disappeared. 1845 Maine passed statewide prohibition; other states followed with what were called Maine laws. 1845 In Massachusetts, under the 1840 local option law, 100 towns had local prohibition laws. 1846 November 25: Carrie Nation (or Carry) born in Kentucky: future prohibition activist whose method was vandalism. 1850 Consumption of alcohol in the U.S. had been lowered to 2 gallons of alcohol per year per capita. 1851 Maine prohibited the sale or making of any alcoholic beverage. 1855 13 of the 40 states had prohibition laws. 1867 Carrie (or Carry) Amelia Moore married Dr. Charles Gloyd; he died in 1869 of the effects of alcoholism. Her second marriage was in 1874, to David A. Nation, a minister, and attorney. 1869 National Prohibition Party founded. 1872 National Prohibition Party nominated James Black (Pennsylvania) for President; he received 2,100 votes 1873 December 23: Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) organized. 1874 Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) officially founded at its Cleveland national convention. Annie Wittenmyer elected president and advocated focusing on the single issue of prohibition. 1876 Worlds Womens Christian Temperance Union founded. 1876 National Prohibition Party nominated Green Clay Smith (Kentucky) for President; he received 6,743 votes 1879 Frances Willard became president of the WCTU. She led the organization in being active in working for a living wage, the 8-hour day, womens suffrage, peace, and other issues. 1880 National Prohibition Party nominated Neal Dow (Maine) for President; he received 9,674 votes 1881 WCTU membership was 22,800. 1884 National Prohibition Party nominated John P. St. John (Kansas) for President; he received 147,520 votes. 1888 The Supreme Court struck down state prohibition laws if they forbid the sale of alcohol that was transported into the state in its original passage, on the basis of the federal power to regulate interstate commerce. Thus, hotels and clubs could sell an unopened bottle of liquor, even if the state banned alcohol sales. 1888 Frances Willard elected president of the Worlds WCTU. 1888 National Prohibition Party nominated Clinton B. Fisk (New Jersey) for President; he received 249,813 votes. 1889 Carry Nation and her family moved to Kansas, where she began a chapter of the WCTU and began working to enforce the liquor ban in that state. 1891 WCTU membership was 138,377. 1892 National Prohibition Party nominated John Bidwell (California) for President; he received 270,770 votes, the largest any of their candidates ever received. 1895 American Anti-Saloon League founded. (Some sources date this to 1893) 1896 National Prohibition Party nominated Joshua Levering (Maryland) for President; he received 125,072 votes. In a party fight, Charles Bentley of Nebraska was also nominated; he received 19,363 votes. 1898 February 17: Frances Willard died. Lillian M. N. Stevens succeeded her as president of the WCTU, serving until 1914. 1899 Kansas prohibition advocate, nearly six foot tall Carry Nation, began a 10-year campaign against illegal saloons in Kansas, destroying furniture and liquor containers with an ax while dressed as a Methodist deaconess. She was often jailed; lecture fees and ax sales paid her fines. 1900 National Prohibition Party nominated John G. Woolley (Illinois) for President; he received 209,004 votes. 1901 WCTU membership was 158,477. 1901 WCTU took a position against the playing of golf on Sundays. 1904 National Prohibition Party nominated Silas C. Swallow (Pennsylvania) for President; he received 258,596 votes. 1907 The state constitution of Oklahoma included prohibition. 1908 In Massachusetts, 249 towns and 18 cities banned alcohol. 1908 National Prohibition Party nominated Eugene W. Chapin (Illinois) for President; he received 252,821 votes. 1909 There were more saloons than schools, churches or libraries in the United States: one per 300 citizens. 1911 WCTU membership was 245,299. 1911 Carry Nation, prohibition activist who destroyed saloon property from 1900-1910, died. She was buried in Missouri, where the local WCTU erected a tombstone with the epitaph She hath done what she could. 1912 National Prohibition Party nominated Eugene W. Chapin (Illinois) for President; he received 207,972 votes. Woodrow Wilson won the election. 1912 Congress passed a law overturning the Supreme Courts 1888 ruling, permitting states to forbid all alcohol, even in containers that had been sold in interstate commerce. 1914 Anna Adams Gordon became the fourth president of the WCTU, serving until 1925. 1914 The Anti-Saloon League proposed a constitutional amendment to prohibit the sale of alcohol. 1916 Sidney J. Catts elected Florida Governor as a Prohibition Party candidate. 1916 National Prohibition Party nominated J. Frank Hanly (Indiana) for President; he received 221,030 votes. 1917 Wartime prohibition passed. Anti-German feelings transferred to being against beer. Prohibition advocates argued that the liquor industry was an unpatriotic use of resources, especially grain. 1917 Senate and House passed resolutions with the language of the 18th Amendment and sent it to the states for ratification. 1918 The following states ratified the 18th Amendment: Mississippi, Virginia, Kentucky, North Dakota, South Carolina, Maryland, Montana, Texas, Delaware, South Dakota, Massachusetts, Arizona, Georgia, Louisiana, Florida. Connecticut voted against ratification. 1919 January 2 - 16: the following states ratified the 18th Amendment: Michigan, Ohio, Oklahoma, Idaho, Maine, West Virginia, California, Tennessee, Washington, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Alabama, Colorado, Iowa, New Hampshire, Oregon, North Carolina, Utah, Nebraska, Missouri, Wyoming. 1919 January 16: 18th Amendment ratified, establishing prohibition as the law of the land. The ratification was certified on January 29. 1919 January 17 - February 25: although the requisite number of states had already ratified the 18th Amendment, the following states also ratified it: Minnesota, Wisconsin, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Vermont, Pennsylvania. Rhode Island became the second (of two) states to vote against ratification. 1919 Congress passed the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilsons veto, establishing procedures and powers to enforce prohibition under the 18th Amendment. 1920 January: Prohibition Era began. 1920 National Prohibition Party nominated Aaron S. Watkins (Ohio) for President; he received 188,685 votes. 1920 August 26: the 19th Amendment, granting the vote to women, became law. (The Day the Suffrage Battle Was Won 1921 WCTU membership was 344,892. 1922 Although the 18th Amendment had already been ratified, New Jersey added its ratification vote on March 9, becoming the 48th of 48 states to take a position on the Amendment, and the 46th state to vote for ratification. 1924 National Prohibition Party nominated Herman P. Faris (Missouri) for President, and a woman, Marie C. Brehm (California), for Vice President; they received 54,833 votes. 1925 Ella Alexander Boole became president of the WCTU, serving until 1933. 1928 National Prohibition Party nominating William F. Varney (New York) for president, narrowly failing to endorse Herbert Hoover instead. Varney received 20,095 votes. Herbert Hoover ran on the party ticket in California and won 14,394 votes from that party line. 1931 Membership in the WCTU was at its peak, 372,355. 1932 National Prohibition Party nominated William D. Upshaw (Georgia) for President; he received 81,916 votes. 1933 Ida Belle Wise Smith became president of the WCTU, serving until 1944. 1933 21st Amendment passed, repealing the 18th Amendment and prohibition. 1933 December: 21st Amendment took effect, repealing the 18th Amendment and thus prohibition. 1936 National Prohibition Party nominated D. Leigh Colvin (New York) for President; he received 37,667 votes. 1940 National Prohibition Party nominated Roger W. Babson (Massachusetts) for President; he received 58,743 votes. 1941 WCTU membership had fallen to 216,843. 1944 Mamie White Colvin became president of the WCTU, serving until 1953. 1944 National Prohibition Party nominated Claude A. Watson (California) for President; he received 74,735 votes 1948 National Prohibition Party nominated Claude A. Watson (California) for President; he received 103,489 votes 1952 National Prohibition Party nominated Stuart Hamblen (California) for President; he received 73,413 votes. The party continued to run candidates in subsequent elections, never gaining as many as 50,000 votes again. 1953 Agnes Dubbs Hays became president of the WCTU, serving until 1959.

Chem lab Essay

Chem lab Essay Chem lab Essay Results: Part A: 3. 41 mL of HCl was added to 2.01 g of sodium benzoate solution and a thick solution formed with a white precipitate. After the pH of the solution reached 2, the solution with precipitate was separated by vacuum filtration and dried. After the first drying period the mass of the watch glass and solid was 27.50 g. After the second drying, the solid and watch glass weighed 27.38 g. A constant mass was reached after the second drying as the change in mass was 0.44% indicating a change in mass less that 0.5%. The final mass of the recovered solid was 0.97 g, which in comparison to the theoretical yield of 1.25 g showed a 77.6% yield. Melting point of the recovered solid was also determined to be 118.8-122.8 Â °C, which shows there may have been some impurity in the solid. Part B: A -10-260 Â °C thermometer was calibrated using 3 calibration points. The freezing point mark was calibrated using crushed ice and distilled water and a final temperature of 0.15Â °C was recorded with a -0.15Â °C calculated correction factor (see Table 1). For the boiling point, distilled water was boiled and the thermometer was placed in the vapour and a temperature of 102.1Â °C was recorded. The correction factor was calculated to be -2.2 Â °C, taking into account the atmospheric pressure of 757.4 mm Hg. For the 3rd calibration point the melting point of a sample of succinic acid was determined using a melting point apparatus. The melting point range was determined to be 185.4-189.2Â °C, giving an average melting point of 187.3Â °C with a correction factor of 0.70Â °C. See Figure 1. Thermometer Calibration Graph for a plot of the temperatures recorded vs. their correction factors. Discussion: Part A: Sodium benzoate is used to preserve certain foods against bacteria, yeasts and molds and is used to prolong their shelf life. This compound, when ingested has the potential to mix with stomach acid and undergo a chemical reaction. In a lab, sodium benzoate can be combined with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to simulate the stomach environment. The purpose of this experiment is to determine when these two substances are combined, whether a new substance will be formed. It was predicted that a new substance would form from the combination of sodium benzoate and HCl because when combined, a reaction takes place where protons will transfer from the acid (HCl) to the base (sodium benzoate) and will form benzoic acid, which being water insoluble, will precipitate from the solution. If the pH is low enough, this reaction should occur and since HCl is a strong acid, it is predicted this will occur. In the lab, when 2.01 g of sodium benzoate solution was combined with 3.41 mL HCl (which was when a pH of 2 was reached, similar to the pH of stomach acid), a precipitate did indeed form. 0.97 g of solid was recovered and a melting point range was determined to be 118.8-122.8Â °C, which supported the formation of benzoic acid. In conclusion, the lab experiment showed the formation of a new substance, which supported the initial hypothesis statement. The combination of sodium benzoate with HCl forms benzoic acid, a new substance, which may or may not have heath effects on those ingesting sodium benzoate as a preservative in foods. Part B: Lab thermometers differ in accuracy and therefore need to be calibrated. Three points were used to calibrate a thermometer including freezing point, boiling point and melting point. The temperatures measured were compared to literature values and a correction factor for the thermometer was determined accounting for any errors in thermometer temperature measurement. These points were plotted onto a graph so that future temperatures taken by the same thermometer can be corrected according to the determined correction factors from the thermometer calibration. For the freezing point a temperature of 0.15Â °C was measured, which gave a correction factor of -0.15 in comparison to the literature value of the freezing

Intercultural communication( this is the course I'm studying, not the Assignment - 3

Intercultural communication( this is the course I'm studying, not the topic) - Assignment Example These include eye contact, tone, and nodding. Compared to juror number 3, who uses a confrontational tone, this juror is emotional and touching in his speech. This appears to be a necessary part of his struggle to express himself and have the courtroom to better understand the accused. Juror 3 and 11 seem to be the opposites of each other (Reilly and Stooksbury 37). I think that classmate one has provided an accurate depiction of juror number 3, and helped to reaffirm my argument that he exhibits a striking contrast with juror 11. I believe that the experiences and personalities of all jurors are manifested in their behavior in the courtroom. The case has presented them with an opportunity to characterize the accused based on what they feel and think (Niemiec and Wedding 19). I also agree with classmate 2 on his description of juror number 8, although I think that he left out critical points like the juror’s background that defines his

Security Solutions for MANETs (mobile ad-hoc networks) including the Research Paper

Security Solutions for MANETs (mobile ad-hoc networks) including the development of IDS - Research Paper Example Moreover, these diverse issues obviously formulate a situation for developing multi-fence safety answers that attain both wide security as well as enviable network performance (Yang, Luo, Ye, lLu, & Zhang, 2004) and (Nash, 2000). This paper presents a comprehensive analysis mobile ad hoc security issues and offers security solutions for MANETs (mobile ad-hoc networks) including the development of IDS (Intrusion Detections System). This paper is aimed at assessing some of the main aspects of the MANETs (mobile ad-hoc networks) technology and possible security issues. This paper also suggests state-of-the-art security solutions in addition to mitigation actions those can be adopted to formulate better security of wireless communication systems. Introduction As the significance of network and computer communication technologies in our everyday life augments it as well poses new requirements for connectivity. However, the traditional wired technology and communication solutions have been there for an extensive era but there is increasing need of operational and working wireless systems and solutions in all the areas of life such as study, using internet, sending E-mail messages, altering data and information in a convention and so on. However, there exist diverse solutions regarding technology systems to fulfill these requirements. In this scenario, solution could be wireless LAN that is designed on the basis of IEEE 802.11 standard.. On the other hand, there is increasing need or demand for connectivity in circumstances where there is no backbone link or else base station accessible, for instance when two or additional Personal Digital Assistants require to be linked (Rashmi, 2008). MANETs (Mobile ad hoc networks) have intrinsically come up with diverse characteristics as compared to the conventional wired arrangement. However, mobile ad hoc networks have attained considerably growing attention, somewhat due to the possible establishment of the Mobile ad hoc networks to countless purposes. On the other hand, network security is still a vital issue in a mobile ad hoc network which is one of its fundamental weaknesses (Jangra, Goel, Priyanka, & Bhatia, 2010). Mobile ad hoc networks can be established at any place without some particular need for outside arrangement (similar to base stations or wires). Since they are frequently mobile and that is why a term ‘mobile ad hoc networks’ is frequently employed when talking on the subject of Ad-hoc networks. Moreover, mobile ad hoc networks are frequently expressed as a self-governing system of mobile routers (as well as linked terminals) which are connected to each other through wireless connection, the merger of that shapes a casual chart. In this scenario, th e network’s routers can be moved randomly and standardize themselves impartially; as a result,

Key issues to consider when designing for people with disabilities Essay

Key issues to consider when designing for people with disabilities - Essay Example ‘People with disabilities have historically been marginalised in education, employment and community living’ (Key, 2001). This sector must be recognized as having potential to success, hand in hand with the rest of the population and having the ability of contributing substantially to the overall development of the society and nation as a whole. The rapid advancement of technology has facilitated a wide ranging scope of enabling the people with disability, giving them a strong platform to prove that they are not disabled but differently abled persons, under different circumstances, whose potential when fully exploited, can make a visible impact on the socio-economic scenario of the nation. The various enabling factors, facilitated by the emerging technologies, especially in the field of computers and information technology, have proved a milestone in the lives of the people with disabilities. They have restored the faith in the vast potential that was hitherto hidden and provided them with a means to achieve socio-economic independence, giving them self respect and a future to look forward to. It is therefore, no wonder that computers have been considered as one of the most important inventions of the century. Sensitization is a very important tool in creating appropriate atmosphere that would promote and inculcate the concept of equality and an innate sense of expectation from this sector as is the normal practice. To achieve this objective, necessity of the hour is designing a computer system that would promote the cause of enabling the persons with disability so that they can gain self respect by becoming financially independent. Hence the key issues that must be taken into account while designing and developing the system constitute very important aspect of the system itself. The following issues may be considered as highly relevant to the design and development of computer system which would

Conservation vs. Preservation Essay Example for Free

Conservation vs. Preservation Essay To whom it may concern My name is Michelle lane I am writing this letter to share my thoughts about preserving the Bridger Teton. This big stretch of land has not been affected by human technology. It has been preserved in its natural state. It is important to us as human beings. This stretch of land has a lot of trees, wild animals, and wild vegetation that call this stretch of land home. We cannot disturb it in the name of progress. We need to make sure we preserve this land so it can flourish and remain the same, untouched by technology and humans who want to mine it for resources. I agree that we need resources to sustain our lives and how we live it, but there are other ways to do so. Understandably we do not want to rely on other countries to supply us with the resources that we need but if we need to understand that we cannot deplete all the land that we have available to us. We have to think of the future and what we are going to leave for the growing generation. Eventually we will use up all the resources that we have and we would have to rely on other countries to help us. Wouldn’t it be better that while we have available resource we find a better way of getting what we need without destroying valuable land? What we need to do is find other ways to make sure we sustain our life style. For now I believe we need to rely on other countries to meet our needs and while we are doing that we need to develop other ways or find other resources. Saving the Bridger Teton will ensure that the wild life, trees and vegetation that live there will continue to flourish, they will continue to grow hopefully our children and future generations will be able to benefit and be able to appreciate the land that we try so hard to protect. Maybe in the future there will be more lands like the Bridger Teton that was protected and saved so the future generations can benefit from it. Conservation versus Preservation: To whom it may concern, My name is Michelle lane I am writing this letter to share my thought about the Bridger Teton area. I think it is a big piece of land that can be put in  to use to help our nation. I believe that we need to make sure these lands are saved but I also believe that we can use some of this land to mine, plant on, or see if we can find oil. This will lessen our dependence from other countries. Imagine an America that does not rely on other countries for their oil or any other resources that we would need to live. Not only would we get it for a cheaper price but we can supply other countries with resources and we can be financialy indipendant as well. We can still save a part of the land for preservation for the wild life and vegetation, but we will benefit more by putting the land to use. We can first research the land to see if we can use the resources found in it for human use. The four steps that we are going to use for this hazard assessment is Hazard Identification, Dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. We need to test the soil, vegetation, animals and water to make sure it is safe and there are no harmful bacteria living in the area that could harm humans. This kind of assessment will help us asses which areas are safe for human use and resource mining. The areas that we find that are not as safe or would not be beneficial should be preserved and let it stay the way it is for the future generations to enjoy. This a good way to have both world we have the lands we can use for gathering resources so we can be a more independent country and the lands we want to save for the future generations to enjoy. In the end I believe we will run out of resources and we will have to still rely on other countries to supply us with what we will need to sustain our daily lives and keep it the way it is. While we can we should try to supply our own resources. America is a big place there is room to preserve and also land that we can use to help us live independently.

Bakery Business Plan Jollys Java And Bakery

Bakery Business Plan Jollys Java And Bakery Jollys Java and Bakery (JJB) is a start-up coffee and bakery retail establishment located in southwest Washington. JJB expects to catch the interest of a regular loyal customer base with its broad variety of coffee and pastry products. The company plans to build a strong market position in the town, due to the partners industry experience and mild competitive climate in the area. JJB aims to offer its products at a competitive price to meet the demand of the middle-to higher-income local market area residents and tourists. The Company JJB is incorporated in the state of Washington. It is equally owned and managed by its two partners. Mr. Austin Patterson has extensive experience in sales, marketing, and management, and was vice president of marketing with both Jansonne Jansonne and Burper Foods. Mr. David Fields brings experience in the area of finance and administration, including a stint as chief financial officer with both Flaxfield Roasters and the national coffee store chain, BuzzCups. The company intends to hire two full-time pastry bakers and six part-time baristas to handle customer service and day to day operations. Products and Services JJB offers a broad range of coffee and espresso products, all from high quality Columbian grown imported coffee beans. JJB caters to all of its customers by providing each customer coffee and espresso products made to suit the customer, down to the smallest detail. The bakery provides freshly prepared bakery and pastry products at all times during business operations. Six to eight moderate batches of bakery and pastry products are prepared during the day to assure fresh baked goods are always available. The Market The retail coffee industry in the U.S. has recently experienced rapid growth. The cool marine climate in southwest Washington stimulates consumption of hot beverages throughout the year. JJB wants to establish a large regular customer base, and will therefore concentrate its business and marketing on local residents, which will be the dominant target market. This will establish a healthy, consistent revenue base to ensure stability of the business. In addition, tourist traffic is expected to comprise approximately 35% of the revenues. High visibility and competitive products and service are critical to capture this segment of the market. Financial Considerations JJB expects to raise $110,000 of its own capital, and to borrow $100,000 guaranteed by the SBA as a ten-year loan. This provides the bulk of the current financing required. JJB anticipates sales of about $491,000 in the first year, $567,000 in the second year, and $655,000 in the third year of the plan. JJB should break even by the fourth month of its operation as it steadily increases its sales. Profits for this time period are expected to be approximately $13,000 in year 1, $36,000 by year 2, and $46,000 by year 3. The company does not anticipate any cash flow problems. Company Summary JJB is a bakery and coffee shop managed by two partners. These partners represent sales/management and finance/administration areas, respectively. The partners will provide funding from their own savings, which will cover start-up expenses and provide a financial cushion for the first months of operation. A ten-year Small Business Administration (SBA) loan will cover the rest of the required financing. The company plans to build a strong market position in the town, due to the partners industry experience and mild competitive climate in the area. 2.1 Company Ownership JJB is incorporated in the state of Washington. It is equally owned by its two partners. 2.2 Company History JJB is a start-up company. Financing will come from the partners capital and a ten-year SBA loan. The following chart and table illustrate the companys projected initial start-up costs. Products JJB offers a broad range of coffee and espresso products, all from high quality Columbian grown imported coffee beans. JJB caters to all of its customers by providing each customer coffee and espresso products made to suit the customer, down to the smallest detail. The bakery provides freshly prepared bakery and pastry products at all times during business operations. Six to eight moderate batches of bakery and pastry products are prepared during the day to assure fresh baked goods are always available. Market Analysis Summary JJBs focus is on meeting the demand of a regular local resident customer base, as well as a significant level of tourist traffic from nearby highways. 4.1 Market Segmentation JJB focuses on the middle- and upper-income markets. These market segments consume the majority of coffee and espresso products. Local Residents JJB wants to establish a large regular customer base. This will establish a healthy, consistent revenue base to ensure stability of the business. Tourists Tourist traffic comprises approximately 35% of the revenues. High visibility and competitive products and service are critical to capture this segment of the market. 4.1.1 Market Analysis The chart and table below outline the total market potential of the above described customer segments. 4.2 Target Market Segment Strategy The dominant target market for JJB is a regular stream of local residents. Personal and expedient customer service at a competitive price is key to maintaining the local market share of this target market. 4.2.1 Market Needs Because Washington has a cool climate for eight months out of the year, hot coffee products are very much in demand. During the remaining warmer four months of the year, iced coffee products are in significantly high demand, along with a slower but consistent demand for hot coffee products. Much of the days activity occurs in the morning hours before ten a.m., with a relatively steady flow for the remainder of the day. 4.3 Service Business Analysis The retail coffee industry in the U.S. has recently experienced rapid growth. The cool marine climate in southwest Washington stimulates consumption of hot beverages throughout the year. Coffee drinkers in the Pacific Northwest are finicky about the quality of beverages offered at the numerous coffee bars across the region. Despite low competition in the immediate area, JJB will position itself as a place where customers can enjoy a cup of delicious coffee with a fresh pastry in a relaxing environment. 4.3.1 Competition and Buying Patterns Competition in the local area is somewhat sparse and does not provide nearly the level of product quality and customer service as JJB. Local customers are looking for a high quality product in a relaxing atmosphere. They desire a unique, classy experience. Leading competitors purchase and roast high quality, whole-bean coffees and, along with Italian-style espresso beverages, cold-blended beverages, a variety of pastries and confections, coffee-related accessories and equipment, and a line of premium teas, sell these items primarily through company-operated retail stores. In addition to sales through company-operated retail stores, leading competitors sell coffee and tea products through other channels of distribution (specialty operations). Larger chains vary their product mix depending upon the size of each store and its location. Larger stores carry a broad selection of whole bean coffees in various sizes and types of packaging, as well as an assortment of coffee- and espresso-making equipment and accessories such as coffee grinders, coffee makers, espresso machines, coffee filters, storage containers, travel tumblers and mugs. Smaller stores and kiosks typically sell a full line of coffee beverages, a more limited selection of whole-bean coffees, and a few accessories such as travel tumblers and logo mugs. During fiscal year 2000, industry retail sales mix by product type was approximately 73% beverages, 14% food items, eight percent whole-bean coffees, and five percent coffee-making equipment and accessories. Technologically savvy competitors make fresh coffee and coffee-related products conveniently available via mail order and online. Additionally, mail order catalogs offering coffees, certain food items, and select coffee-making equipment and accessories, have been made available by a few larger competitors. Websites offering online stores that allow customers to browse for and purchase coffee, gifts, and other items via the Internet have become more commonplace as well. Strategy and Implementation Summary JJB will succeed by offering consumers high quality coffee, espresso, and bakery products with personal service at a competitive price. 5.1 Competitive Edge JJBs competitive edge is the relatively low level of competition in the local area in this particular niche. 5.2 Sales Strategy As the chart and table show, JJB anticipates sales of about $491,000 in the first year, $567,000 in the second year, and $655,000 in the third year of the plan. Sales Forecast 2001 2002 2003 Unit Sales Espresso Drinks 135,000 148,500 163,350 Pastry Items 86,000 94,600 104,060 Other 0 0 0 Total Unit Sales 221,000 243,100 267,410 Unit Prices 2001 2002 2003 Espresso Drinks $3.00 $3.15 $3.31 Pastry Items $1.00 $1.05 $1.10 Other $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Sales Espresso Drinks $405,000 $467,775 $540,280 Pastry Items $86,000 $99,330 $114,726 Other $0 $0 $0 Total Sales $491,000 $567,105 $655,006 Direct Unit Costs 2001 2002 2003 Espresso Drinks $0.25 $0.26 $0.28 Pastry Items $0.50 $0.53 $0.55 Other $0.00 $0.00 $0.00 Direct Cost of Sales Espresso Drinks $33,750 $38,981 $45,023 Pastry Items $43,000 $49,665 $57,363 Other $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Direct Cost of Sales $76,750 $88,646 $102,386 Management Summary Austin Patterson has extensive experience in sales, marketing, and management, and was vice president of marketing with both Jansonne Jansonne and Burper Foods. David Fields brings experience in the area of finance and administration, including a stint as chief financial officer with both Flaxfield Roasters and the national coffee store chain, BuzzCups. 6.1 Personnel Plan As the personnel plan shows, JJB expects to make significant investments in sales, sales support, and product development personnel. Personnel Plan 2001 2002 2003 Managers $100,000 $105,000 $110,250 Pastry Bakers $40,800 $42,840 $44,982 Baristas $120,000 $126,000 $132,300 Other $0 $0 $0 Total People 10 10 10 Total Payroll $260,800 $273,840 $287,532 Financial Plan JJB expects to raise $110,000 of its own capital, and to borrow $100,000 guaranteed by the SBA as a ten-year loan. This provides the bulk of the current financing required. 7.1 Break-even Analysis JJBs Break-even Analysis is based on the average of the first-year figures for total sales by units, and by operating expenses. These are presented as per-unit revenue, per-unit cost, and fixed costs. These conservative assumptions make for a more accurate estimate of real risk. JJB should break even by the fourth month of its operation as it steadily increases its sales. Break-even Analysis Monthly Units Break-even 17,255 Monthly Revenue Break-even $38,336 Assumptions: Average Per-Unit Revenue $2.22 Average Per-Unit Variable Cost $0.35 Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost $32,343 7.2 Projected Profit and Loss As the Profit and Loss table shows, JJB expects to continue its steady growth in profitability over the next three years of operations. Pro Forma Profit and Loss 2001 2002 2003 Sales $491,000 $567,105 $655,006 Direct Cost of Sales $76,750 $88,646 $102,386 Other $0 $0 $0 Total Cost of Sales $76,750 $88,646 $102,386 Gross Margin $414,250 $478,459 $552,620 Gross Margin % 84.37% 84.37% 84.37% Expenses Payroll $260,800 $273,840 $287,532 Sales and Marketing and Other Expenses $27,000 $35,200 $71,460 Depreciation $60,000 $69,000 $79,350 Utilities $1,200 $1,260 $1,323 Payroll Taxes $39,120 $41,076 $43,130 Other $0 $0 $0 Total Operating Expenses $388,120 $420,376 $482,795 Profit Before Interest and Taxes $26,130 $58,083 $69,825 EBITDA $86,130 $127,083 $149,175 Interest Expense $10,000 $9,500 $8,250 Taxes Incurred $3,111 $12,146 $15,650 Net Profit $13,019 $36,437 $45,925 Net Profit/Sales 2.65% 6.43% 7.01% 7.3 Projected Cash Flow The cash flow projection shows that provisions for ongoing expenses are adequate to meet JJBs needs as the business generates cash flow sufficient to support operations. Pro Forma Cash Flow 2001 2002 2003 Cash Received Cash from Operations Cash Sales $491,000 $567,105 $655,006 Subtotal Cash from Operations $491,000 $567,105 $655,006 Additional Cash Received Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Received $0 $0 $0 New Current Borrowing $0 $0 $0 New Other Liabilities (interest-free) $0 $0 $0 New Long-term Liabilities $0 $0 $0 Sales of Other Current Assets $0 $0 $0 Sales of Long-term Assets $0 $0 $0 New Investment Received $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Cash Received $491,000 $567,105 $655,006 Expenditures 2001 2002 2003 Expenditures from Operations Cash Spending $260,800 $273,840 $287,532 Bill Payments $143,607 $186,964 $237,731 Subtotal Spent on Operations $404,407 $460,804 $525,263 Additional Cash Spent Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid Out $0 $0 $0 Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing $0 $0 $0 Other Liabilities Principal Repayment $0 $0 $0 Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment $0 $10,000 $15,000 Purchase Other Current Assets $0 $0 $0 Purchase Long-term Assets $0 $20,000 $20,000 Dividends $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Cash Spent $404,407 $490,804 $560,263 Net Cash Flow $86,593 $76,301 $94,744 Cash Balance $156,593 $232,894 $327,637 7.4 Balance Sheet The following is a projected Balance Sheet for JJB. Pro Forma Balance Sheet 2001 2002 2003 Assets Current Assets Cash $156,593 $232,894 $327,637 Other Current Assets $12,000 $12,000 $12,000 Total Current Assets $168,593 $244,894 $339,637 Long-term Assets Long-term Assets $65,000 $85,000 $105,000 Accumulated Depreciation $60,000 $129,000 $208,350 Total Long-term Assets $5,000 ($44,000) ($103,350) Total Assets $173,593 $200,894 $236,287 Liabilities and Capital 2001 2002 2003 Current Liabilities Accounts Payable $14,574 $15,438 $19,907 Current Borrowing $0 $0 $0 Other Current Liabilities $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Current Liabilities $14,574 $15,438 $19,907 Long-term Liabilities $100,000 $90,000 $75,000 Total Liabilities $114,574 $105,438 $94,907 Paid-in Capital $110,000 $110,000 $110,000 Retained Earnings ($64,000) ($50,981) ($14,544) Earnings $13,019 $36,437 $45,925 Total Capital $59,019 $95,456 $141,381 Total Liabilities and Capital $173,593 $200,894 $236,287 Net Worth $59,019 $95,456 $141,381 7.5 Business Ratios The following table represents key ratios for the retail bakery and coffee shop industry. These ratios are determined by the Standard Industry Classification (SIC) Index code 5812, Eating Places. Ratio Analysis 2001 2002 2003 Industry Profile Sales Growth 0.00% 15.50% 15.50% 7.60% Percent of Total Assets Other Current Assets 6.91% 5.97% 5.08% 35.60% Total Current Assets 97.12% 121.90% 143.74% 43.70% Long-term Assets 2.88% -21.90% -43.74% 56.30% Total Assets 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Current Liabilities 8.40% 7.68% 8.42% 32.70% Long-term Liabilities 57.61% 44.80% 31.74% 28.50% Total Liabilities 66.00% 52.48% 40.17% 61.20% Net Worth 34.00% 47.52% 59.83% 38.80% Percent of Sales Sales 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Gross Margin 84.37% 84.37% 84.37% 60.50% Selling, General Administrative Expenses 74.74% 71.43% 71.39% 39.80% Advertising Expenses 0.49% 1.76% 6.87% 3.20% Profit Before Interest and Taxes 5.32% 10.24% 10.66% 0.70% Main Ratios Current 11.57 15.86 17.06 0.98 Quick 11.57 15.86 17.06 0.65 Total Debt to Total Assets 66.00% 52.48% 40.17% 61.20% Pre-tax Return on Net Worth 27.33% 50.90% 43.55% 1.70% Pre-tax Return on Assets 9.29% 24.18% 26.06% 4.30% Additional Ratios 2001 2002 2003 Net Profit Margin 2.65% 6.43% 7.01% n.a Return on Equity 22.06% 38.17% 32.48% n.a Activity Ratios Accounts Payable Turnover 10.79 12.17 12.17 n.a Payment Days 27 29 27 n.a Total Asset Turnover 2.83 2.82 2.77 n.a Debt Ratios Debt to Net Worth 1.94 1.10 0.67 n.a Current Liab. to Liab. 0.13 0.15 0.21 n.a Liquidity Ratios Net Working Capital $154,019 $229,456 $319,731 n.a Interest Coverage 2.61 6.11 8.46 n.a Additional Ratios Assets to Sales 0.35 0.35 0.36 n.a Current Debt/Total Assets 8% 8% 8% n.a Acid Test 11.57 15.86 17.06 n.a Sales/Net Worth 8.32 5.94 4.63 n.a Dividend Payout 0.00 0.00 0.00 n.a